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articulate formation
Actions on Particulate formation
Integrated Pollution Control
Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control
Large Combustion Plant Directive
Local Air Pollution Control (LAPC)
UK Air Quality Strategy
Recent studies (since 1990) have demonstrated adverse effects on cardiorespiratory health, including both increased hospitalizations and increased premature mortality, associated with relatively low particulate levels. It is now widely accepted that tiny particles may have increased impact because of their ability to penetrate deep into the lung. Primary particles are emitted directly into the atmosphere by combustion processes, and are generally very small ( less than 2.5um diameter and often less than 1um). Secondary particles are those which are formed in the atmosphere from chemical reaction and include sulphates and nitrates formed from the reactions of emissions of SO2 and NOx. These secondary particles are generally less than 2.5 um diameter, but the size could vary depending on humidity. The third category is the so-called coarse fraction, which are formed from mostly non-combustion sources.

More information on the impacts and problems associated with Particulate formation can be found from the following sites.


ARICS Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Environment The Encyclopedia of the Atmospheric Environment is supported by the DEFRA. The Encyclopedia is a one-stop source of information, for younger and older users alike, on a range of atmospheric issues.
Particulate formation Pollutants
reacts in the atmosphere to form secondary nitrate particulates which are hazardous to health Ammonia
Reacts in the atmosphere to form secondary nitrate particulates which are hazardous to health Nitrogen Oxides as NO2
Can be composed of many different substances including carcinogens and heavy metals depending on the source PM10 (Particulate Matter < 10µm)
Reacts in the atmosphere to form secondary sulphate particulates which are hazardous to health Sulphur Dioxide
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